Ph.D. – Communication: Radio/TV/Film, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 1986
M.A. – Mass Media: Radio/TV/Film University of Wisconsin, Superior, Wisconsin, 1978
B.A. – Mass Communications: Public Relations, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, 1977
A.A. – Communications, Marshalltown Community College, Marshalltown, Iowa, 1975